Dataset Structure

Schema Overview

The data types are selected to best suit a dataframe or SQL database for analysis.

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Field name Recommended type Description Sample values
Gender Categorical / String The biological sex of the patient. Male, Female
Age String (Mixed) The age of the patient at the time of the procedure.
Note: Requires cleaning (see Data Fields).		 055Y, 068Y
Modality String The imaging method used. All entries are XA (X-Ray Angiography). XA
Description String Procedure type, anatomical region, and intervention details. Coronary Angiography, Permanent Pacemaker Implantation, HSG, VENOGRAPHY
Size_raw String The file size as displayed in the UI. 85 MB, 150 MB
Size_bytes Float / Int (Derived) The file size converted to a standard numerical unit for analysis. 85000000, 150000000

Usage & considerations

Technical characteristics of
X-Ray angiography (XA)

Fluoroscopic
imaging

XA uses continuous or pulsed X-ray acquisition (7.5-30 frames per second) to create real-time video of contrast flowing through blood vessels. C-arm or bi-plane systems provide multiple projection angles without patient repositioning. Image intensifiers or flat-panel detectors capture dynamic vascular opacification. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) removes bone and soft tissue, displaying only contrast-filled vessels.

Contrast
administration

Iodinated contrast medium injected through catheters positioned in target vessels using guide wires under fluoroscopic guidance. Selective catheterization enables specific vascular territory visualization. Contrast volume, injection rate, and timing optimized per vessel and procedure type. Power injectors deliver controlled bolus for optimal opacification.

Interventional
procedures

XA enables both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Real-time imaging guides catheter and device positioning, allowing minimally invasive treatments. Procedures range from simple diagnostic angiography to complex interventions like stent placement, embolization, and cardiac rhythm device implantation.

Radiation dose
management

Fluoroscopy delivers continuous radiation exposure during procedures (10-60+ minutes typical). Dose reduction strategies include pulsed fluoroscopy, collimation, optimal geometry (reduced distance, increased source-to-image distance), spectral filtration, and frame rate optimization. Skin dose monitoring prevents deterministic radiation effects. Staff protective equipment (lead aprons, thyroid shields, protective glasses) is essential.

Procedure
diversity

The XA set encompasses a wide range of vascular and interventional procedures including cardiovascular (coronary angiography, pacemaker implantation, balloon valvotomy), vascular access (permacath, tunnel catheter), venous (venography, filter retrieval), specialized imaging (dacrocystography, hysterosalpingography), electrophysiology studies, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and therapeutic interventions (endovenous ablation, aortography).

Clinical applications by
procedure category

Cardiac
interventions

Coronary Angiography (diagnostic assessment of coronary artery disease), Permanent Pacemaker Implantation (bradycardia treatment), Temporary Pacemaker Implantation (acute heart block management), Balloon Mitral Valvotomy (mitral stenosis treatment), E.P Study (electrophysiology study for arrhythmia evaluation), IVUS (Intravascular Ultrasound for vessel assessment and intervention guidance).

Vascular access
procedures

Permanent Tunnel Catheter Implantation (long-term hemodialysis access), Permacath (tunneled dialysis catheter placement), central venous access for chemotherapy or long-term medication delivery.

Venous
studies

VENOGRAPHY (venous system visualization for thrombosis evaluation), Filter Retrieval (IVC filter removal procedures), venous insufficiency assessment, deep vein thrombosis diagnosis.

Specialized diagnostic
imaging

Hysterosalpingography/HSG (fallopian tube patency assessment for infertility evaluation), Dacrocystography/DCG (lacrimal drainage system evaluation), Aortogram (aortic visualization for aneurysm or dissection assessment).

Therapeutic
interventions

Endovenous Thermal Ablation (varicose vein treatment using radiofrequency or laser energy), vascular embolization procedures, angioplasty and stenting of stenotic vessels.

Primary use cases

  • Training deep learning models for automated vessel segmentation and stenosis quantification in coronary and peripheral angiography.
  • Developing AI systems for real-time catheter and guidewire tracking during interventional procedures to enhance navigation and safety.
  • Building automated quality assessment tools for angiographic image acquisition, DSA subtraction quality, and contrast timing optimization.
  • Creating procedure classification and recognition systems to automatically categorize angiographic studies by procedure type (diagnostic vs therapeutic, anatomical region, intervention category).
  • Training temporal analysis models on fluoroscopic cine sequences for dynamic contrast flow assessment, collateral circulation evaluation, and treatment response monitoring.
  • Developing automated measurement tools for vessel diameter quantification, lesion length assessment, fractional flow reserve estimation, and device sizing recommendations.
  • Building predictive models for procedural complications, radiation dose estimation, and contrast volume optimization based on patient factors and procedure complexity.
  • Creating computer-aided detection systems for identifying vascular abnormalities including stenosis, occlusions, aneurysms, dissections, and arteriovenous malformations.

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